The macaque monkey chimeras each contain cells originating in different embryos with distinct genomes
The world's first monkeys to be created from the embryos of several individuals have been born at a US research centre.
Scientists at the Oregon National Primate Research Centre produced the animals, known as chimeras, by sticking together between three and six rhesus monkey embryos in the early stages of their development.
Three animals were born at the laboratory, a singleton and twins, and were said to be healthy, with no apparent birth defects following the controversial technique.
The chimeras have tissues and organs made up of cells that come from each of the contributing embryos. The mixtures of cells carried up to six distinct genomes.
"The cells never fuse, but they stay together and work together to form tissues and organs," said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, who led the research. "The possibilities for science are enormous."
Scientists named the singleton Chimero, and the twins Roku and Hex, meaning six in Japanese and Greek. Hex was born after merging six individual embryos, according to a report in the journal Cell. "To our knowledge, these infants are the world's first primate chimeras," the authors write.
While all three monkeys are biologically male, blood tests revealed that Roku carried both male and female cells.
The first chimeric animals were created by researchers in the 1960s, when experiments with mouse embryos showed they could combine to form a single mouse of normal size. Since then, scientists have created chimeric versions of rats, rabbits, sheep and cattle.
Mitalipov's team produced the chimeric monkeys by carefully pushing four-day-old embryos together in a culture dish and waiting for them to grow. Within a few days, 90% of them had grown into early stage embryos called blastocysts that contained at least twice as many cells as usual.
The researchers implanted the chimeric embryos into five female rhesus monkeys, all of which became pregnant. Tests on the foetuses confirmed that all of the animals' organs and tissues contained cells from more than one embryo.
Chimeric animals – mice in particular – have become a powerful tool in scientific research. They are used to shed light on the exquisite process of embryonic development, such as why a particular cell gives rise to a specific kind of tissue, and to explore how individual genes work.
The creation of chimeric animals has also been used to test whether embryonic stem cells stored in laboratories are likely to turn into working tissues when injected into the body. A standard test is to inject stem cells into an early stage embryo. If the embryo grows into a chimeric animal, it means the stem cells have been incorporated into the animal's tissues and organs.
In a series of experiments described in the same paper, the researchers found it impossible to create chimeric monkeys by injecting stem cells into early stage embryos. Only when very young embryos were merged together could they make chimeric animals.
The difficulties the scientists faced could herald future problems in using embryonic stem cells to grow new tissues in humans. While stem cells inside embryos can grow into any tissue or organ, lines of embryonic stem cells cultured in labs seem to lose this ability, at least to some extent.
"If we want to move stem cell therapies from the lab to clinics and from the mouse to humans, we need to understand what these primate cells can and can't do. We need to study them in humans, including human embryos," said Mitalipov.
Robin Lovell-Badge, head of genetics at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, said there has been a suspicion that most human and monkey embryonic stem cell lines are different.
"This work supports this notion, as the macaque embryonic stem cells tested were unable to mix in with cells of the host embryos. This may be reassuring to those who worry that human embryonic stem cells could be used to make chimeric people, although in itself this should not be a concern, as such rare individuals already exist from the spontaneous merger of two early embryos. But it may be a concern for regenerative medicine if such cells are not as flexible as hoped," he said.
Shameless ScreenGrab courtesy of The Guardian
Curiously, One has noted that there ARE Human Chimeras (One had nothing to do with it); and the human genetic state of Klinefelter Syndrome, or XX/YY. Women are XX, Men are XY (the Y being a diminishing X chromosome, from the 23 chromosomal pairs (46 chromosomes). The XXYY male has forty-eight chromosomes. Unfortunately, the condition while sounding like an improved state for the poor failing Y chromosomal men, often results in significant learning disabilities. But One digresses.
The human/fauna hybridization, and future evolution from humans as we are, to next world survivors is progressing apace.
In August 2003, researchers at the Shanghai Second Medical University in China reported that they had successfully fused human skin cells and dead rabbit eggs to create the first human chimeric embryos. The embryos were allowed to develop for several days in a laboratory setting, then destroyed to harvest the resulting stem cells.[12] In 2007, scientists at the University of Nevada School of Medicine created a sheep whose blood contained 15% human cells and 85% sheep cells.[13] The implications of increasingly realizable projects using human-animal hybrids for biopharmaceutical production, and potentially for producing cells or organs, have raised a host of ethical and safety issues.
The World, our sweet Gaia is likely to change in the next 100 years, (which is only ~5 generations away) into a world significantly different than the one we have known, whether through climate change, or competition for scarcity of resources.
In August 2003, researchers at the Shanghai Second Medical University in China reported that they had successfully fused human skin cells and dead rabbit eggs to create the first human chimeric embryos. The embryos were allowed to develop for several days in a laboratory setting, then destroyed to harvest the resulting stem cells.[12] In 2007, scientists at the University of Nevada School of Medicine created a sheep whose blood contained 15% human cells and 85% sheep cells.[13] The implications of increasingly realizable projects using human-animal hybrids for biopharmaceutical production, and potentially for producing cells or organs, have raised a host of ethical and safety issues.
The World, our sweet Gaia is likely to change in the next 100 years, (which is only ~5 generations away) into a world significantly different than the one we have known, whether through climate change, or competition for scarcity of resources.
Without some kind of genetic modification, Males as a gender, and humans as a species are destined to evolve or succumb to history. We've got time though: Odds are better than average, that humanity will extinguish itself, long before the eventual breakdown and failure of the Y chromosome.
As frightening as the Malignobots are (when they're not being scrapped by other Villains!), they would be nothing, to a 15lb Monkey-Spider hybrid. Flying monkeys? Hah! Intelligent spiders - the insatiable hunger of a spider, coupled with the intuitive problem solving ability of a primate. A recipe for Jurassic Park Level Mayhem.
People sometimes don't fully appreciate, that life is special, but it didn't just appear without effort.
Life abides.
It's what it does. It isn't weak and passive and fragile. It is fierce, and desperate, and dominant. Species die and are forgotten, but life continues. It diversifies and adapts, and survives.
Life abides.
It's what it does. It isn't weak and passive and fragile. It is fierce, and desperate, and dominant. Species die and are forgotten, but life continues. It diversifies and adapts, and survives.
The Monkey-Spiders that escape from some lab in China, or some Insane Mad Scientist's Lab in Colorado, will have a fair chance to occupy apex predator status.
-Lord Malignance
Picture from the link above (my links change over time, and the image is too fun);
http://images.halloweencostumes.com/spider-monkey-costume.jpg
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